Sisu

Sisu is a Finnish word variously translated as stoic determination, tenacity of purpose, grit, bravery, resilience,^[1] and hardiness.^[2] It is held by Finns to express their national character. It is generally considered^{[by whom?]} not to have a single-word literal equivalent in English (tenacity, grit, resilience, and hardiness are much the same things, but do not necessarily imply stoicism or bravery).

In recent years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted research on sisu, attempting to quantify it and identify its effects, beneficial and harmful, in both individuals and populations.^[3]

^
- Masten, Ann S. (Summer 2009). "Ordinary Magic: Lessons from Research on Resilience in Human Development" (PDF). Education Canada. 49 (3): 28–32. ISSN 0013-1253. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- Luthar, Suniya S.; Cicchetti, Dante & Becker, Bronwyn (May–June 2000). "The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work". Child Development. 71 (3): 543–562. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164. ISSN 0009-3920. PMC 1885202. PMID 10953923.
^
- Kobasa, Suzanne C. (April 1982). "Commitment and Coping in Stress Resistance Among Lawyers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707. ISSN 0022-3514.
- Maddi, Salvatore R. (1999). "The Personality Construct of Hardiness: I. Effects on Experiencing, Coping, and Strain". Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 51 (2): 83–94. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83. ISSN 1065-9293.
^ Henttonen, Pentti; Määttänen, Ilmari; Makkonen, Emilia; Honka, Anita; Seppälä, Vilja; Närväinen, Johanna; García-Velázquez, Regina; Airaksinen, Jaakko; Jokela, Markus; Lahti, Emilia Elisabet (1 November 2022). "A measure for assessment of beneficial and harmful fortitude: development and initial validation of the Sisu Scale". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11483. Bibcode:2022Heliy...811483H. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11483. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 9667267. PMID 36406727.

[1] 
Masten, Ann S. (Summer 2009). "Ordinary Magic: Lessons from Research on Resilience in Human Development" (PDF). Education Canada. 49 (3): 28–32. ISSN 0013-1253. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Luthar, Suniya S.; Cicchetti, Dante & Becker, Bronwyn (May–June 2000). "The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work". Child Development. 71 (3): 543–562. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164. ISSN 0009-3920. PMC 1885202. PMID 10953923.

[2] Masten, Ann S. (Summer 2009). "Ordinary Magic: Lessons from Research on Resilience in Human Development" (PDF). Education Canada. 49 (3): 28–32. ISSN 0013-1253. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[3] Luthar, Suniya S.; Cicchetti, Dante & Becker, Bronwyn (May–June 2000). "The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work". Child Development. 71 (3): 543–562. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164. ISSN 0009-3920. PMC 1885202. PMID 10953923.

[2] 
Kobasa, Suzanne C. (April 1982). "Commitment and Coping in Stress Resistance Among Lawyers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707. ISSN 0022-3514.
Maddi, Salvatore R. (1999). "The Personality Construct of Hardiness: I. Effects on Experiencing, Coping, and Strain". Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 51 (2): 83–94. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83. ISSN 1065-9293.

[5] Kobasa, Suzanne C. (April 1982). "Commitment and Coping in Stress Resistance Among Lawyers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707. ISSN 0022-3514.

[6] Maddi, Salvatore R. (1999). "The Personality Construct of Hardiness: I. Effects on Experiencing, Coping, and Strain". Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 51 (2): 83–94. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83. ISSN 1065-9293.

[3] Henttonen, Pentti; Määttänen, Ilmari; Makkonen, Emilia; Honka, Anita; Seppälä, Vilja; Närväinen, Johanna; García-Velázquez, Regina; Airaksinen, Jaakko; Jokela, Markus; Lahti, Emilia Elisabet (1 November 2022). "A measure for assessment of beneficial and harmful fortitude: development and initial validation of the Sisu Scale". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11483. Bibcode:2022Heliy...811483H. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11483. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 9667267. PMID 36406727.

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